بازتاب آرای انتقادی جلال آل‌احمد در گرافیک دو ماهنامۀ حزب زحمت‌کشان ملت ایران-نیروی سوم در دهۀ 1330 شمسی

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad was a representative of a rebellious generation of Iranian elites, who in the 1950s, influenced by the critical thinking of global modernism and national-socialist tendencies, seriously criticized the ruling discourse of his time (the Pahlavi II regime). With his critical views (such as opposition to Westernism and the idea of returning to oneself), he influenced Iranian thinkers after him. The second Iranian nationalist movement, which had its strongest political position during the years of nationalization of the oil industry and was mostly manifested in the form of parties and organizations in the National Front, was moderate secular nationalism with a more social-democratic orientation. The Third Force Party was one of these parties. In the 1950s, Al-e-Ahmad was one of the key members of “Iranian People's Toilers Party- Third Force” and a friend, colleague, like-minded and one of the main supporters of Khalil Maleki in the leadership of the Third Force Party. A party that sought to create a kind of “Iranian socialism” independent of international communism, relying on the elements of Iranian national identity. The party's name was chosen based on the idea of Marshal Tito (Yugoslav leader): a third way distinct from the two ways of American capitalism and Soviet socialism.

Also, Al-e-Ahmad played a key role in the press-publishing productions of this party in such a way that one can find a clear alignment between the written and even visual content of the Third Force party's monthly magazines (Called "Science and Life" and "Battle of Life") with the thoughts of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad. Monthly magazines that contained Analytical-Critical Articles (Political, Social, Economic, Scientific, Philosophical, Historical, Literary and Artistic), Short Stories, Plays and Poems.

The purpose of this research is to reflect the critical opinions of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad in the graphics of the monthly magazines of the Third Force Party in the 1950s. Publications that were considered as one of the most important press works of the intellectual community of Iran in their time and were led by Al-e-Ahmad and Maleki as two of the most influential men of culture criticizing the Pahlavi regime. Therefore, the present article seeks to answer two questions: Which Critical Opinions of Al-e-Ahmad are reflected in the Graphics and Page Layout of the monthly magazines of the “Iranian People's Toilers Party- Third Force”? How are these Opinions reflected in the Visual Aspects of the Publications under study?

The research method of this Article is qualitative in terms of type, fundamental in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and approach. The author analyzes the collected qualitative data - based on the scientific induction method - through the analysis of library documents and the study of the statistical population (Al-e-Ahmad's Articles and 32 issues of the Third Force's monthlies) and the purposeful selection of 74 frames from the graphics of this party's monthlies (1952-1961), as well as through observing and extracting its production-graphic components (structural and visual features of the cover design, page layout, illustration and graphic elements and their visual expression), so that he can finally answer the question of the article by comparing visual data (graphics of publications) and written data (Critical Opinions of Al-e-Ahmad).

From the results of this research, we can point to six indicators of Jalal's votes, which are reflected in different ways in the graphics and page layout of the third force party's monthly magazines: “Frugal Approach and Appropriateness of Economy and Function”, “Nativism”, “Modernism based on Iranian Culture and Tradition”, “Expressiveness”, “Social Commitment” and “Social-Historical Realism”. Al-e-Ahmad, influenced by the socialist discourse, had a critical-economic (thrifty) attitude towards visual attractions and added values in the press. If the visual characteristics of a published work - according to Al-e-Ahmad's discursive criteria - did not have a purposeful, realistic, eco-oriented and committed expression (Awareness and stimulus for social growth and improvement in the process of history), in his judgment, it was a dumb, decorative, superficial and vulgar work (in line with society's ignorance).

This attitude was followed through various measures in the graphics of the monthly magazines “Science and Life” and “Battle of Life”: Simplicity in page layout, Priority and Originality of text over image (Minimum use of image), Use of Realistic and Expressive visual values (such as photos and cartoons), Attention to Iranian cultural-visual traditions and values (such as the use of Nastaliq font in the logotype of the monthly magazines, the arrangement similar to the traditional Iranian book layout on the cover and the publication of the works of the followers of the two painting schools of Tehran and Kamal-ol-Molk in the inner pages of these two monthly magazines), The Committed Expression of the image in relation to the society (such as anti-communist cartoons and the graphic campaign of quarterly magazines to attract young people to join the party and fight colonialism and exploitation).