Investigating the Conformity of Structure of Chemical Materials and Formulas with Islamic Geometric Patterns (with Emphasis on Islamic Geometric Patterns in Iranian Architecture)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Art Research, Department of Art, Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran,

2 Professor, Department of Art, Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran,

3 , Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy Art, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, ,

10.22070/negareh.2021.14953.2856

Abstract

Geometric patterns are one of the most prominent aspects of Islamic Art. The geometry of Islamic patterns with its secrets and mysteries has always been discussed and thought by many philosophers and experts who have expressed their views on how to create the geometry of patterns and discover the mysteries hidden in these works. Thinkers and experts in art have chosen different methods and approaches in examining the existence of geometric patterns and from their point of view have given a reason for the existence of these geometric patterns, for instance scholars such as Oleg Grabar, Richard Ettinghausen and Gulru Necipoglu consider Islamic geometric patterns a decoration. What have been mentioned so far about geometric patterns are the studies that the authors have looked at with a historical and theoretical approach. But this research, with a completely different perspective, has constructed a bridge between Islamic art and science, and talks about the existence of the geometry of Islamic patterns with a scientific approach. One of the important concerns of researchers and artists is to decipher the works of art to understand the artwork and the reason it exists. This research, by presenting a different idea from what has been expressed so far in the history of Islamic art, tries to reveal a higher object and a view beyond the common definitions of the Islamic geometric patterns. This research seeks to discover a relationship between the geometry of Islamic patterns with other sciences especially chemistry and believes that a bridge can be established between these two to find out what the Islamic geometric patterns are. In order to achieve this theory, we make adaption between Islamic geometric patterns and structure of chemical formulas.
The purpose of this article is to achieve a more complete knowledge of geometric patterns in Islamic art with a scientific approach; an approach that has not been addressed so far and requires a lot of research in this area. Therefore, the main questions of the research are: 1- Does the structure of chemical elements, materials and formulas correspond to geometric patterns? 2- What is the degree of conformity of geometric patterns with the structure of materials and chemical formulas?
The research method is descriptive-comparative and its inference is based on analogy. The method of analyzing qualitative information and collecting data is from library data. Since the author has spent part of his artistic activities learning, drawing and practicing, teaching and researching in the field of geometry of Islamic patterns, by watching the structure of chemical formulas understood that there is a similarity between these two field. He immediately started researching and looking through the encyclopedias and reference books of chemistry, he searched for the forms of chemical formulas that are formed like geometric designs and patterns as documented in the archive of reference books. There are some important reference books about the geometry of Islamic patterns such as Gereh-Chini at Islamic architecture and handicrafs, Hossein Zomrashidi (1986) and the five-volume collections of Iranian Tiling, Mahmoud MaheroNaghsh (1982). Then, the executed examples had been classified into tables to lead to a better adaption; the first column of which shows the costruction of chemical formulas. The secend column is for islamic geometric patterns which is followed by a picture of geometric pattern in the architectural space of Iranian architecture.
The necessity and importance of this research is based on the fact that since so far, all theoretical discussions about the geometry of Islamic patterns have been raised by Western and non-Muslim scholars and philosophers, the truth about the importance and decipherment of secrets in geometric Islamic patterns are not well pursued. Therefore, it is necessary for a Muslim artist to present a different theory in this regard.
In response to the research questions, we conclude that the geometry of Islamic patterns is directly related to chemistry. 65 comparative samples in the form of 6 tables were presented in this research. First, those chemical bonds that were structurally simple and unmanipulated were adapted to the geometry of Islamic patterns. In the following tables, more complex and diverse chemical bonds and those images that showed chemical bonds under a microscope were mentioned and adapted to geometric designs and patterns. In the last table, the evolved samples of chemical bonds were presented under the title of dendrimers, which corresponded to the types of Shamsa under the arches and domes. In all samples, one hundred percent correspondence between the geometry of Islamic patterns and the chemical structure of the materials was evident. This adaptation can be seen either in the structure of unmanipulated or advanced chemical bonds with Islamic geometric patterns and designs. The degree of conformity in the samples presented in this research was one hundred percent and the theory of matching between the geometry of Islamic patterns and the structure of chemical bonds was complete and established.

Keywords

References

  1. AnbariYazdi, Faezeh. (2013), Geometric patterns 1, Tehran, Iran Textbook publishig.

    Atif, Rasheed. & Khaliq, Jibran. & Combrinck, Madeleine. & Hassanin, Ahmed H. & Shehata, Nader. & Elnabawy, Eman. & Shyha, Islam. (2020). Solution Blow Spinning of Polyvinnylidene Fluoride based fibers for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Review, MDPI, Polymers, 12, 1304, 1- 29.

    Atwood, Jerry L. & Steed, Jonathan W. (2004), Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 1 & 2, New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

    Babaei, Pavin & Zadamiri, Somayeh. Bibliography of Geometric Motifs in Islamic Art: Geometric Motifs in the Mirror of Written Sources from Past to Present, Literature Quarterly Book Review, 3, (2020), 2 (7 and 8): 327-336.

    BalilanAsl, Lida & Sattarzadeh, Dariush & Nouri Maryam & Khorshidian Ahmar, Sanaz. Representation of New Viewpoints on Rose and Star Patterns in Islamic Decorations, HoviatShahr, 17, (2014), 8: 45-54.

    Bolkharighehi, Hasan. (2017), Philosophy, geometry and architecture, Tehran, University of Tehran. Press.

    Bolkharighehi, Hasan. (2015), Qadr, Theory of Art and Beauty in Islamic Civilization, Tehran, Sure Mehr.

    Bourgoin, Jules. (1873), Les arts arabes, Paris: Veuve A. Morel.

    Burckhardt, Titus. (1976), Art of Islam: Language and Meaning, London: world of Islam Festival Publishing.

    Chen, Zhongfang. (2016), Theory- guided Innovation of Nancarbon Two-dimensional Nanomaterials, Progress Report, San Juan, PR 00931, 1- 39.

    Ciferri, Alberto. (2005), Supramolecular polymers, Second edithion, Taylor & Francis Group. LLC: Boca Raton.

    Critchilow, Keith. (1976), Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cosmological Approach, New York: Schocken Book.

    Desiraju, Gautam R. (1996), The Crystal as a Supramolecular entity, Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 2, England: John Wiley & Sons.

    Desiraju, Gautam R. (2003), Crystal Design: Structure and Function. Vol. 7, England: John Wiley & Sons.

    Dimand, Maurice S. (1930), a Handbook of Mohammedan Decorative Arts, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

    Dodziuk, Helena. (2002), Introduction to Supramolecular Chemistry, New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Ettinghausen, Richard. (1944), "The character of Islamic Art" in the Arab Heritage, edited by Nabih Amin Faris, 251-67. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

    Ghorbani, Abolqasem & Sheykhan, MohamedAli. (1992), Buzdjaninameh: Abiography of Abul-Wafa Buzdjani a study of his book geometric constructions, Tehran, Islamic Revolution publishing and education organization.

    Grabar, Oleg. (1992), the Mediation of Ornament. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

    Hahn, Uwe. & Vogtle, Fritz. & Nierengarten, Jean-Francios. (2012). Synthetic Strategies towards Fullerene-Rich Dendrimer Assemblies. Polymers, 501- 538.

    Herzfeld, Ernst Emil. (1987). Reprint. "Arabesque" in the Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 1: 363- 67. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Original edition, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1913.

    Holleman, A. F. & Wiberg, Egon. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Translated by Mary Eagleson & William Brewer, USA: Academic Press, California.

    Jones, W. & Rao, C.N.R. (2002), Supramolecular organization and material design, New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Katsenis, A.D. & Puskaric, A. & Strukil, V. & Mottillo, C. & Julien, P. & Uzarevic, K. & Pham, M. & Do, T. & Kimber, S. & Lazic, P. & Magdysyuk, O. & Dinnebier, R. & Halasz, I. & Friscic, T. (2015), In Situ X-ray diffraction monitoring of a mechanochemical reaction reveals a unique topology metal-organic framework, nature Communications.

    Kepler, Johannes. (1939), Welt-Harmonik, translated by Max Caspar, Munich: R. oldenbourg (Fifth book of Harmonices mundi. Originally published in Linz: Godofredi Tampachii, 1619).

    Kondinski, Aleksandar & Monakhov, Kirill Yu. (2017), Breaking the Gordian Knot in the structural Chemistry of Polyoxometalates: Copper (ll)-Oxo/Hydroxo Clusters, ChemPubSoc, Europe, 23, Pp.: 7841- 7852.

    MacGillivray, Leonard R. (2010), metal-Organic Frameworks, Design and Application, England: John Wiley & Sons.

    Maheronnaqsh, Mahmud. (1982), Iranian Tiling, Vol. 1- 5, Tehran, Reza Abbasi museum Publishing.

    Maheronnaqsh, Mahmud. (2002), The Iranian Heritage of brickwork, Tehran, Sorush.

    Maheronnaqsh, Mahmud. (1991), The Mason's script (Khatt -e bannai), Tehran, Sorush.

    Makovicky, Emil. & Makovicky Milota. (1977), Arabic Geometrical patterns- A treasury for crystallographic teaching, Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Heft: 2: 58- 68.

    Mamedov, Kh. S. (1986), Crystallographic Patterns, Computers and Mathematics with Application, Part B, vol. 12B, no. 3/4: 511- 29.

    MohamadianMansur, Saheb & Faramarzi, Sina. (2012), Comparison of the quasiperiodic order of Shah-Gereh with the quasicrystal structure of silicon, Journal of Fine Arts- Visual Arts, No. 50, Pp 69- 80.

    Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. (1976), Islamic science: An Illustrated Survey, London: World of Islam Festival Publishing.

    Necipoglu, Gulru. (2010), The Topkapi Scroll-Geometry and ornament in Islamic architecture with an essay on the geometry of the muqarnas, translated by Mehrdad Qayumi Bidhendi, Tehran, Rozaneh.

    NedjadEbrahimi, Ahad & Ya'qublu, Mohamed. (2019), An Introduction to Theorical Geometry in Architecture, Research in Arts and Humanities, 5, 19- 34.

    Plato. (2001), the period of Plato's works, Timaeus Epistles, translated by Mohamed Hassan lotfi, Tehran, Kharazmi.

    Russell, Bertrand. (1994), History of western philosophy, translated by Darya Bandari, Tehran, Parvaz.

    Steed, Jonathan W & Atwood, Jerry L. (2009), Supramolecular Chemistry, 2nd Edition, England: John Wiley and Sons.

    Steed, Jonathan W. & Turner, David R. & Wallace, Karl J. (2007), Core Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanochemistry, England: John Wiley & Sons.

    Sauvage, Jean-Pierre. (1999), Transtion Metals in Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 5, New York: John Willy & Sons.

    Zomorshidi, Hosein. (1986), Gereh-Chini at Islamic architecture and handicrafs, Tehran, university publishing center.

    Zomorshidi, Hosein. (1994), Iranian Tiling- Golchine Ma'qeli, Vol. 1, Tehran, Nashre Keyhan.

     

    URLs:

    1. http://edu.nano.ir/paper/221/p/2
    2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur
    3. https://www.strem.com/catalog/v/07-1330/48/nitrogen_259886-51-6
    4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Cyclooctene
    5. https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/30940/relative-stability-of-cis-and-trans-cycloalkenes/30953
    6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/trans-cyclooctene
    7. https://phys.org/news/2017-12-molecular-world-tightest.html
    8. http://13pt.com/projects/nyt080729/
    9. http://www.chem.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/~ogoshi-lab/src/pdf/C&EN_2015_93(22)JUNE1.pdf
    10. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature00877

     

     

Negareh Journal
Volume 18, Issue 66
July 2023
Pages 143-163

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 August 2021
  • Revise Date: 19 October 2021
  • Accept Date: 25 October 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics