مطالعه باستان شناسی تکنیک تزئین سفالی نقش کنده در گلابه شمال غرب ایران

In the Islamic period, different types of pottery techniques are used and developed in workshops in different regions. One of the techniques that has played a very important role in Islamic pottery technology is the "carved in rose" technique. This technique begins at the same time as the third and fourth centuries AH and reaches its peak during the stages of its development in the sixth and seventh centuries AH. This technique was introduced on unglazed pottery in the early Islamic period and then in the late third century AH with the beginning of the glazed technique with geometric and Islamic designs and from the fourth century onwards it was decorated with human and animal motifs. The discovery of a significant group of this type of pottery in northwestern Iran, suggests that northwestern Iran can be studied as one of the centers of production of this type of technique. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the technique of making and decorating this type of pottery in northwestern Iran using library studies and a descriptive-analytical method. In this research, an attempt has been made to answer these two basic questions: 1. In which centers have Esgrafito pottery been produced in northwestern Iran? In the northwest of Iran, 2. what techniques and motifs have been used to decorate this type of pottery? Based on this study, it was found that graphic pottery was produced in northwestern Iran, in different regions such as Tabriz, Aghkand, Urmia, Gross, Zanjan and Soltanieh. It was also found that among the motifs, geometric, plant, and animal motifs were used more and inscriptional and human motifs were used less.
Pottery has always represented the culture, beliefs and art of each region throughout history. Studies on the motifs of Esgrafito utensils in northwestern Iran show that in addition to the decorative aspect, these motifs also had a symbolic aspect. Each of these symbols reflects the understanding and belief of the people of the area at the time of the formation of these pottery. The method of working in Esgrafito pottery is such that first the body of the dishes is designed with predetermined designs and then they start carving and decorating. As a result, scraffito dishes are dishes that create different designs by scratching the rose on them. Esgrafito pottery is one of the most common glazed pottery of the Islamic era and also with the discovery of a significant group of this pottery in northwestern Iran, including the cities of Aghkand, Urmia, Gross, Zanjan and Soltanieh, this assumption is made in mind. ‌Kand that northwest of Iran is the center of production of this type of technique. The purpose of this study is to study the technique of engraving in rose water in different regions of the northwest to know the technique of making and decorating it. One of the main problems in this research is the lack of sufficient information about this pottery. The reason for this is the lack of archaeological excavations in Islamic sites in northwestern Iran. In the meantime, the areas where archeological excavations have been carried out are not accessible due to the non-publication of excavation results. Therefore, in this study, the areas whose information was available have been paid more attention. One of the most important ancient data in all historical traditions is pottery. The study of pottery can provide us with important information about the origin of their beginnings and the development of communication as well as cultural exchanges during the period of pottery. Pottery is one of the most important man-made objects during the historical period that reaches its peak in the Islamic period. Common pottery in the Islamic era is engraved or scraphito pottery. Although scholars believe that the technique of this pottery originated in Egypt in the first century AH, but for the first time this pottery was obtained from Samarra. Examples of Scraphito pottery found in Bibin Mesopotamia have also been influenced by the art of pottery in the Tong Chinese period. In Iran, samples of Scrafito pottery from the late third and early fourth century AH in the areas of Siraf, Neishabour, Susa, Takht-e Soleiman, Amal, Zanjan, Soghand, Gross, Aq Kand and Alamut have been obtained. Scraphite pottery is divided into several areas according to construction and decoration techniques and colors. First, the geographical area of northern Iran, including the areas of Amal, Alamut, and Jorjan. Northwest and West: Aq Kand, Soltanieh, Sheikh Tappeh of Urmia, Hamedan, Kangavar, Bostan Arch and Takht-e Soleiman. Northeast: Neishabour, Toos, Samarkand. East and southeast: Sirjan, Lashkari Bazaar and Jiroft.